英国文学史_思维导图模板

A Survey of English Literature

1.Old English literature (The Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066)

Ⅰ.the beginning of English literature

⒈Britian: Roman Province for 400 years

⒉410, Roman Empire ↓, conquered by three Teutonic tribes-Germantic tribes →the Anglo-Saxon

⑴the Angles

⑵Saxons

⑶Jutes

⒊550, Anglo-Saxon firmly established

Ⅱ,literature

1.Two Division

Pagan

Christian

2.Form: Old English Poetry

3.Religious color

Ⅲ.work: The Story of Beowolf (the first English national epic)

Ⅳ.Epic/ Heroic Poetry

1.Meaning

2.Background

3.Story: ( The poem has 3182 lines. It describes the deeds of the Teutonic hero Beowolf.)

⑴the fight against Grendel

⑵the fight against Grendel's mother

⑶the fight against the fire Dragon-monsters, evil

4.Theme

5.Style:( Alliteration)

2.Medieval English literature (The Anglo-Norman Period 1066-1350)

Anglo-Norman Literature

Ⅰ.Medieval romances→knight

Work: (The romance of King Arthur-Arthurian Romance)

1.Introduction

2.There are many cycles of Arthurian romances, chief of which are those of

Gawain ( 高文爵士）

Launcelot （朗洛赛洛特）

Merlin ( 莫林）

the Quest of the Holy Grail 《圣杯之寻》（反映上层），and the Death of Arthur

"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》is the summit of legend

3.Theme

Ⅱ.Popular Ballads （大众民谣）

1.Introduction

⑴.narrative songs

⑵.kinds of ballads

①.historical

②.legendary

③.fantastical

④.lyrical

⑤.humorous

3.Characteristics: (Oral currency, Simplicity, Climax of a plot)

4.Works: ( Reliques of Ancient English Poetry 《英诗辑古》 ---Bishop Thomas Percy 1729-1811）

2,Historical backgrounds: (Religious faith)

5.Robin Hood （反映下层）

⑴.Character

⑵.Theme

Ⅲ。Geoffery Chaucer (1340-1400)

1.Introduction

⑴the "father of English Poetry" 英诗之父（有名有姓的第一个作家）

⑶created Heroic Couplet （英雄双韵体）

⑷a representative of transitional period from the Medieval Period to the Age of Renaissance

⑵the founder of English realistic literature

2.Life

3,Work: (The Canterbury Tales)

⑴Introduction

⑵Structure

①.It consists of the General Prologue( 序言）and 24 tales

②.The General Prologue

a framework for the diverse stories

the audience of the characters of the pilgrims

③.The connection between each story is well-planned

⑶Theme: (Realism)

⑷Style

①.London dialect

②.Trenchant（尖刻的）irony

③.Free-thinking: characteristic of the age of Renaissance

④.The heroic couplet

3.The Period of Renaissance

Ⅰ.Striking features

1.The study and propagation of classical learning and art

2.Humanism was the essence of the Renaissance spirit（核心/实质：humanist）

Ⅱ.Humanists

1.Boccaccio（卜伽丘 1313-1375）

2.Spanish Humanist→Cervantes（塞万提斯）-DonQuixote《堂吉诃德》

3.English Humanist

Thomas More (1478-1535)

⑴.Utopia

①."ou" ( meaning "no")

②."topos"( meaning "place")

⑵.Limitations

Ⅲ.English Literature in the Renaissance Period: Drama＆ Poetry

1.Drama

Backgrounds

⑴.The highest glory of English Renaissance. The dramas hve no rivals at that time in the world.

⑵.But in the renaissance, all this began to change.

⑶."University wits"(大学才子）

①.Introduction

②.写作形式：blank verse（无韵诗行）

③.The rhymeless rambic pentameter（抑扬格：先抑后扬）

④.Their plays paved the way for the creation of many of Shakespeare's masterpieces. Thomas Kyd and Marlowe influenced his great tragedies; Robert Greene, Peele, Thomas Lodge and John Lyly influenced his comedies and romances.

Shakespeare

Ⅰ.Place and Influence

Why

1.One of the first founders of realism

2.Humanism, artistic skill

3.22 years→37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets

Critique

1.Ben Johnson

2.Karl Marx

Ⅱ.Life

1.The church and legal records

2.The folk traditions

3.The comments of his contemporaies ( no autobiography)

Ⅲ.Comedies ( in his early period)

1.Theme: (optimism)

2.Two groups of characters in his comedies

⑴.young men and young women

⑵.simple and shrewd clowns and other common people

3.Main comedies (16 comedies altogether)

⑴.Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》

⑴.Background

①.The growing spirit of trade, commercialism.

②.Flattery of anti-Jewish feeling of England's population.

⑵.Characters

①.Shylock（夏洛克）

Greedy and cruel

Victim

②.Portia（鲍西娅）

Ideal women

A new woman of the Renaissance

Beautiful, cultured, courteous, active,clever, serious-minded and capable of rising to an emergency.

③.Antonio（安东尼奥）

A representative of the newrly uprising merchant class

A practical businessman, unselfishly risks his fortune and life to help his friend

He is s noble nature and he is more obviously a gentleman than a merchant.

⑶.Theme

①.Praise

The triumph of love( between Portia and Bassanio) and friendship( between Antonio and Bassanio) over insatiable greed and brutality (as represented by Shylock).

②.Condemn

Condemn the racial discrimination and religious persecution.

He shows his consistent hatred for the oppressors and sympathy for the oppressed.

⑵.A Midsummer Night's Dream

⑶.As You Like It

⑷.The Winter's Tale

⑸.The Twelve's night《第十二夜》

Ⅳ.Tragedies

1,Backgrounds

2.Theme

⑴.Express a profound dissatisfaction with life.

⑵.Show the struggle and conflicts between

①.good and evil

②.justice and injustice of the time

⑶.Condemns the dark and evil society

3.His main tragedies (11 tragedies) 4 great tragedies （四大悲剧）

⑴.Hamlet

①.Introduction (humanist人文主义者）

②.Theme: (shows the political chaos in the 17th century England)

③.Character-Hamlet

Virtues （penetratiry habit of mind善于沉思）

Limitations (Melancholy忧郁）

⑵.Othello

⑶.King Lear

⑷.Macbeth

Ⅴ.Historical Plays（历史剧）

Theme

Ⅵ. Features of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works

⒈Theme

⒉Progressive significance and limitation

⒊Character

⑴.Representatives of the people of his time

⑵.Each of his characters is a representative of a group of men

⒋Form

⑴.Poetry诗歌

⑵.Drama戏剧

⒌Language

Ⅶ.154 sonnets

⒈Represent the finest poetic craftsmanship of Renaissance poetry

⒉Shakespearean sonnet

⑴.14lines

①.3 quatrains（四行诗）

②.one couplet（对句）

⑵.Theme

①.They reveal the most sophisticated aspects of human nature---moral conflicts and psychological uncertainties

②.The immortality of art as being represented by poetry

③.The value of genuine friendship

④.The sorrows of feeling neglected in a corrupted world

⑶.Selected reading→Sonnet 18→Theme

4.The 17th Century: The Period of Revolution and Restoration

Ⅰ.Historical Background

1.The Outburst of the English Revolution

2.The bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration

3.Puritanism( The Religious Cloak of the Englsh Revolution)

⑴.thrift（精简，节约）, sobriety（清醒，冷静，节制）, hard work, and unceasing labor, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor.

⑵.to revolt against the feudal landlords, accumulation of capital.

Ⅱ.Literature of the Revolution Period

Ⅲ.Writer

⒈John Milton

Ⅰ.Life

Ⅱ.Work

⒈Paradise Lost（失乐园）

⑴.Introduction

①.Milton's masterpiece

②.It is a long epic consisting of 12 books, written in blank verse.

③.The stories were taken from the Old Testament:---the biblical legend of God, His Son, Adam and Eve.

⑶.Theme and Characterization

①.The revolt against God's authority---an absolute monarch;

②.Satan is the real hero of the poem.

③.Adam and Eve embody Milton's belief in the powers of man.

⑷.Style

①.Blank verse

②.Grand style

⒉Paradise Regained（复乐园）

⒊Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）

⒉John Bunyan (1628-1687) (A typical puritanical writer)

Ⅰ.Life

⒈A poor uneducated despised tinker.

⒉Religious fanaticism, spiritual independence.

⒊He was put into prison for refused to obey the lae against religious meetings.

⒋In prison, made shoe-laces, reading the bible and writing.

Ⅱ.Work

The Pilgrim's Progress

⒈Introduction

⑴.A religious allegory

⑵.The style of writing in which characters, actions represent general truth, good and bad qualities.

⒉The Celestial City

⑴.The vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century.

⑵.Through a veil of religious mist.

Ⅲ.Story

⒈It tells of the spiritual pilgrim（精神历程） of a human soul in search of salvation（赎罪，拯救）.

⒉The form of dream→Vanity Fair (The description of it is one of the most remarkable passage)

Ⅳ.Theme

⒈Reflect the religious ferment（动乱，狂乱） of the age.

⒉Filled with realistic descriptions, attacked the social reality.

⒊Spiritual suffering（精神上的折磨）, aspiration for an ideal life（理想生活的渴望）

Ⅴ.Style

⒈The popular and simple language

⒉Lucid prose style and familiar images

5.The 18th century English literature (The Age of Enlightement 启蒙运动)

Ⅰ.The 18th century England

1.Social Development and Changes:

Industrial Revolution

2,Social Evils and Conflicts

⑴.The conflict between Capitalism and Feudalism

⑵.The conflict between the Ruling Class and the Oppressed Class

Ⅱ.The Enlightenment

⒈In Europe

⑴.It was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.（资产阶级反对封建阶级）

⑵.Science（启蒙靠的是“科学”，科学就是理智。

⒉In England

⑴.They just strived to end the revolution by clearing away the fedual ideas with the bourgeois ideology.

⑵.Works:《雾都孤儿》，《鲁宾逊漂流记》

Ⅲ,Literature

1.Classicism（古典主义）

⑴.Introduction

①.Considered Greek and Latin authors as their models

②.Tried to control literature by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works.

⑵.Drama

①.Rhymed couplet

②.Three unities of time, place and action

③.Regularity in construction

④.The presentation of types rather than individuals.

⑶.Poetry

①.Follow the ancient divisions

②.Should be lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic

③.Each class should be guided by some special principles.

⑷.Prose

should be

①.Precise

②.Direct

③.Flexible

⑸.Purpose

①.To tidy up the capitalist social order

②.To smooth over social contradictions by morality and proclaiming

③.To afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.

⑹.Representatives

①.the essayists---Joseph Addison and Richard Steel

②.the poet---Alexander Pope

2.Modern Novel（现代小说）

Ⅰ.Introduction

⒈Speaks the truth with an uncompromising courage

⒉They paved the way for the great 19th century realistic writers like

⑴.Jane Austen

⑵.Water Scott

⑶.Charles Dickens

⑷.William Thackeray

Ⅱ.Representatives

⒈Jonathan Swift（乔纳斯·斯威夫特）(1667-1745)---Gulliver's Travels

Ⅰ.Life

⒈One of the greatest writers of satiric prose

⒉Hated all kinds of oppression

⒊Political, economical and religious

⒋Cherished great love for the people

Ⅱ.Works

⒈The Tale of Tub《一个澡盆的故事》

⒉" A Modest Proposal"《一个温和的建议》

⒊Gulliver's Travels《格列佛游记》

⑴.Story (4 parts)

①.The 1st part： Lilliput（小人国）

②.The 2nd part: the voyaye to Brobdinynag（大人国）

③.The 3rd part; the voyage to Laputa and several other places（飞岛国）

④.The 4th part: the voyage to the country of Houyhnhnms（慧骃国）

⑵.Theme

⒉Daniel Defoe（丹尼尔·笛福）---Robinson Crusoe

Ⅰ.Life

⒈A kind of jack-of-all trades

⒉Great in at least two occupations

⑴.journalism

⑵.authorship

Ⅱ.Style of novels

⒈Language

⒉Actions

Ⅲ.Work

Robinson Crusoe:( adventure story )

Ⅳ.Character

⒈Good qualities---courageous, persistent, vigorous, aggressive

⒉Advocate of slavery, expansion（殖民扩张）

⒊The representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stagesof its development.

Ⅴ.Theme

⒉Praises the strength of human will to conquer the nature（人们征服自然的意志力）

⒈Celebrates the spirit of the new uprising bourgeoise（新兴资产阶级） in accumulation（积累）

⒊Henry Fielding---Tom Jones

⒋Oliver Goldsmith---The Vicar of Wakefield

3.Sentimentalism（感伤主义/伤感主义）

Ⅰ.Background

⒈The middle of the 18th century

⒉The power of reason the enlightenment stressed was not sufficient

Ⅱ.Characteristics

⒈Effusive emotion

⒉Pleasure in the wildness of nature

4.Pre-Romanticism（前浪漫主义）

⒈marked by

⑴.a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism

⑵.by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion

⑶.by a renewed interest in medieval literature

⒉"Gothic novel"/ Gothic romance（哥特小说/哥特式浪漫故事）

⑴.Originated among the conservative groups（保守派） of men

⑵.Against Enlightenmentra's rationalism and commercialism（商业主义）

⑶."A novel of horrors（恐怖）"

⒊Poetry

Ⅰ.Willim Blake (1757-1827)

⒈Intoduction

⑴.A Pre-Romantic or forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century

⑵.Imagery and symbolism

⒉Works

⑴.The Songs of Innocence

⑵.The Songs of Experience

Ⅱ.Robert Burns (1759-1796)

⒈The greastest national poet of Scotland

⒉Life and Achievements

⑴.He got acquainted with old Scottish folk songs, ballads, and legends

⑵The Scots Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs

⑶.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect

⒊Work Division

⑴.Love and Friendship→A Red, Red Rose

Style

⒈Rhyme

①.ballad meter

②.iambic tetrameters

③.a b c b

⒉Repetition

⒊Alliteration

①.A Red, Red Rose

②.Luve's like a red, red rose

⑵.The Rural Life of the Scottish Peasants

⑶.The patriotism of his compatriots and their struggle for liberty

⑷.Satirical verse

⒋Feature's of Burn's Poetry

⑴.Beautiful lyricism and sincerity of emotions, hatred for lyranny and a profound sympathy for the down-trodden man

⑵.National poet of Scotland

6.Romantic English literature

Ⅰ.Cultural Background

1.The Romantic Movement

2,Express: negative attitude toward→

⑴.the existing social

⑵.political conditions

Ⅱ.Two Groups of Romantic Poets

1.Passive or Escapist Romanticists（消极浪漫派）

Represented by

⑴.Wordsworth

⑵.Coleridge

⑶.Southey (Lake Poets)

2.Active Romanticists（积极浪漫派）

Represented by

⑴.Byron

⑵.Shelley（雪莱）

⑶.Keats

Ⅲ.Features of Romanticism

1.Feeling and imagination---advocate the freedom to express personal feelings

2.A love of nature

3.Individualism（个人主义）

4.Glorification of the commonplace（普通人）

5. lure（诱惑） of the exotic（稀奇古怪的/奇异的事物）

6.A revolt against authority or tradition（反对权威或传统）

Ⅳ.Poetry

1.Two notable forerunner of romantic poetry

⑴.William Blake

⑵.Robert Burns

2.Others: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats as well as Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Ⅴ.Main writers and their works

1.William Wordsworth (1770-1850)（消极浪漫派）

Ⅰ.Life

Ⅱ.Features of his Poems

⒈Deep love for nature

"I wandered Lonely as a Cloud"《我好似一片孤独的流云》/《咏水仙》

Background

Analysis of Content

Theme

Song of

the harmony between things in nature

the harmony between nature and the poet himself

Structure

a b a b c c

iambic tetrameter

"My Heart Leaps Up"

"Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey"《丁登寺旁》

⒉Searching and revealing the feelings of the common people

"The Solitary Reaper"《孤独的割麦女》

"We Are Seven"《我们是七个》

⒊Appealed directly to individual sensations

"all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."（好诗都是强烈感情的自然流露）

⒋Show harmony between humanity and nature

"She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways"《她住在人迹罕见的路旁》

"I Travelled among Unknown Men"《我在陌生人中孤独旅行》

⒌Language is simple and pure

2.George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)（积极浪漫派）

Ⅰ.LIfe and Background

An impoverished noble family（生于没落家庭）

Ⅱ.Idelogy

⒈Show a deep hatred for the tyranny

⒉Song of rebellious spirit

⒊Eager for democracy and liberty

not only in the form of poem

but also taking part in the struggle for the national independence of Greek and Italy

Ⅲ.Style

⒈The medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyanny, preoccupation with the remote and savage

⒉Conitain many vivid and exotic descriptive passages on mountains, rivers, and seas.

Ⅳ.Theme

⒈Revolutionary zeal and democratic ideal

⒉Advocate

The fight against the tyranny and oppression for freedom

The struggle for national liberation

3.Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)（雪莱）（积极浪漫派）

Ⅰ.Life

⒈⒈"a strange"（古怪）

⒉"unsocial being"（与社会格格不入的人）

⒊"Mad Shelley"（疯子雪莱）

Ⅱ.Idelogy

⒈Loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters

⒉Called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice

⒊Prophesied a happy and free future for mankind

⒋Remained in this social and political ideal and fought for it all his life

⒌Revolutionary romanticism

Ⅲ.Works

⒈Queen Mab《仙后麦布》

⒉The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》

⒊Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》

⒋Lyrics on

⑴.nature

"Ode to the West Wind"《西风颂》

terza rima (三行诗节隔句押韵法)

iambic pantameter lines arranged in tercets (三行联句)

⑵.love

"To a Shy-lark"《致云雀》

⑶.politics

"Song to the Men of England"《致英格兰人之歌》

4.John Keats (1795-1821)

Short poem

⑴."Ode to a Nightingale"《致夜莺》

⑵."Ode on a Grecian Um"《希腊古瓮颂》

⑶."To Autumn"

⑷."Bight Star"

7.The Victorian Age--Critical Realism (1836-1901)

Ⅰ.Contradictions

1.Contradictions at Home

⑴.The struggle between the workers and capitalists

⑵.Chartists Movement（宪章运动）

⑶.核心：争取选举权和被选举权

2.Contradictions at Aboad

Strengthened its policy of colonial expansion

Ⅱ.The mid-Victorian period (1850-1870)--a period of prosperity and relative stability

1.Economic prosperity

2.The established spiritual prop (The Victorian Values维多利亚道德价值观)

Ⅲ.The last 3 decades of the 19th century--the decline of the British Empire

Ⅳ.The Problem of Women

8.20th century English literature

Ⅰ.Literary Trend---Modernism

Ⅱ.Modernism

1.Background

The rise and growth of modernist movement

2.Characteristics

⑴.Irrational philosophy and idea of psychoanalysis

⑵.The major themes

①.distorted, alienated and ill relationships between：

man and nature

man and society

man and man

man and himself

②.marks a strong and conscious break with the past

③.emphasizes on the need to move away from the public to the private, from the objective to the subjective

④.upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over the chronological one

Ⅲ.Modernist Fiction→mainly three characteristcs in modern novel

1.Joseph Conrad

2.James Joyce (1882-1941)

⑴.One of the most innovative novelists of the 20th century

⑵.One of the greatest masters of "the stream of consciousness".

⑶.His stream-of-consciousness technique marked the peak of modernist novelists.

3.D. H. Lawrence

4.Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)

⑴.Introduction

①.One of the great innovative novelist of the 20th century

②.A great master of the stream-of consciousness novel

⑵.Literary Achievement--both a famous novelist and a critic

①.Major Novel

-Mrs. Dalloway

-To the Lighthouse

-Orlando

-The Waves

②.Critical Essay

"A Room of One"s Own

⑶.Theme

Personal identity

Personal relationships

5.D. M. Forster

Ⅳ.The new notions of the nature of consciousness

1."Stream-of-consciousness"（意识流）

2.意识流作品：Ulysses

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