English learning_思维导图模板

English learning

Learn how to learn

The natural way we learn languages is through imitation(模仿), not through memorizing grammar and constructing sentences.

To comfortably understand TV and casual conversation, you'll need to do a few things:

Learn 5000 words (vocabulary study).

Learn enough grammar to understand how those words fit together (grammar study).

Practice reading and listening for 500 hours (immersion沉浸).

Studying the basics of the language

Phonetics音标

American English (GA)

Sounds of American English Course

English (General American) Pronunciation

British English (RP)

https://youtu.be/ElcNBKKTVBA?list=PLzMXToX8KzqgABZmT_LcYdED98Ixuc2Fx

https://youtu.be/fRW3k0QHSYM?list=PLLmk_1x96FKBdvxesIuL3XSNBQxTmvOJE

Script (Alphabet)

English Script

Vocabulary (Words)

The most frequent 1,000 words in the English language make up about 88% of spoken English. Studying these words will help you quickly understand your immersion (浸泡) .

Grammar (Sentences)

English Grammar

English has 8 parts of speech:

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns (代词)

Pronouns (代词) are words that take the place of a noun.

He, she, it, they, I, and you are all pronouns (代词) .

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that tell about a noun.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that tell about a verb.

Prepositions (介词)

Prepositions (介词) are words that tell about how nouns relate in a sentence.

I sleep on the dog.

Conjunctions (连词)

Conjunctions (连词) are words that connect words or sentences together.

The dog and I sleep.

Interjections

Interjections are words that do not follow normal grammar rules.

Uhuh, yep, mhm, and wow are all interjections.

American English (GA)

youtube resource

Grammar Guide

British English (RP)

youtube resource

Grammar Guide

Set up your learning environment

Immersion (浸泡)

you can convert all your media consumption (消费) to your target language

YouTube, twitter, etc.

Choose your study tools

Language Reactor

Netflix

If you are watching dubs (配音) , look for subtitle tracks marked "CC" which stands for "Closed Captions". If the subtitle track isn't marked with CC, it probably won't match the audio.

Popup Dictionaries

MPV

Build your daily habits

Daily Study Routine

Here is the bare minimum we recommend for learning. You can definitely do more, but any less is going to be very slow.

Vocabulary Study: 15 minutes

Grammar Study: 15 minutes

Immersion (浸泡) : 120 minutes

active immersion：30 min

passive immersion：90min

Example

How to Immerse

There are many different immersion (浸泡) strategies you can use to improve your learning. Over time, you'll find the ones that work best for you.

For now, though, keep it simple:

Find a video on YouTube with TL subtitles. ( ideally (理想) 10 minutes)

Watch it once without subtitles.

Watch it again using Language Reactor. Look up words as you go and try to understand what's happening.

Watch it again with audio and TL subtitles without pausing.

Systems Beat Motivation (动机)

When are you going to study vocabulary?When are you going to study grammar?When are you going to immerse?

Check the Box

Your motivation (动机) will fade. There will be days when you don't feel like studying. On these days, the most important thing is to do ANYTHING in your target language, even if that just means 1 minute of immersion (浸泡) .

Consistency

No one has achieved fluency in a day, or in a week, or in a month. Fluency requires daily effort over years.

But never miss 2 days in a row. One missed day is a mistake. Two missed days is the start of a new habit. The longer you go without touching the language, the harder it will be to start again.

Roadmap

Stage 0 Overview:Learn the Method

What is Immersion (浸泡) Learning?

Skill-building is the right choice if you need to speak quickly.

However, the skill-building approach doesn't work for attaining fluency. When speaking fluently, you don't have time to conjugate verbs and construct sentences.

Immersion (浸泡) is the tool we use to acquire language. Immersion (浸泡) simply means exposing yourself to the language by watching TV, reading books, and browsing the internet.

How Does Acquisition Work?

Through immersion (浸泡) , you expose yourself to those situations (情况) . Each time you see the word and understand it, you train your instinct (本能) . Eventually, your instinct (本能) becomes so strong that you will intuitively know how to use the word.

Time and Effort

You can watch TV shows, YouTube, and TikTok videos. You can read tweets, blog posts, or books. Any media you enjoy in your NL you can also enjoy in your target language (TL).

As long as you consistently (一贯) spend time with your TL every day, you will eventually acquire it.

Activities Explained

Active immersion (浸泡) : When you pay full attention (注意) to your immersion (浸泡) .

Active immersion (浸泡) is the most important activity in the language acquisition process. This is where most of the acquisition happens. When you're paying full attention (注意) to a piece of content, your brain is hard at work deconstructing the language.

There are two types of active immersion (浸泡) :

intensive

Intensive immersion (浸泡) is when you use a dictionary to try to understand your immersion (浸泡) content

The challenge with intensive immersion (浸泡) is that it takes a lot of effort. If it ever feels like a burden, it's best to switch to free-flow to avoid burning out.

free-flow

Free-flow immersion (浸泡) is when you pay full attention (注意) to a piece of content, but you avoid interrupting your immersion (浸泡) with lookups (查找)

Free-flow helps make comprehension (理解) more automatic and effortless.

The challenge with free-flow is that you will understand much less than with intensive. As adults, the sensation (轰动) of not understanding can be uncomfortable, but it's a necessary part of the learning process.

Balance

You should do more of the one you prefer, but make sure you do some of each.

Intensive immersion (浸泡) tends (往往) to be more mentally (弱智) tiring than free-flow, so it's best to do it first when you still have energy.

Passive listening: When you listen to immersion (浸泡) throughout the day.

Passive listening is when you pay partial attention (注意) to audio.

Not all passive listening is equal. The more attention (注意) you pay while listening, the more benefit you'll get. Choose passive listening content that is interesting to you so you can stay engaged.

One way to make passive listening more interesting is to relisten to content you've already actively immersed with.

Active study: When you study vocabulary and grammar.

Active study is when you spend time learning about your TL to make your immersion (浸泡) more comprehensible.

Phonetics (语音)

Writing system

Vocabulary

Grammar

In Stage 1, we'll explain how to get started with all four aspects of active study.

What's My Level?

Each stage is broken into substages. Each substage has different goals, strategies, and advice to help you focus your effort on what's most beneficial for where you are in the process.

Stages

Learn the Basics

Learn to Understand

Learn to Speak

Expand Your Ability

four stages

- Stage 1: Get Started

- Stage 2: Learn to Understand

- 2A: Understand Simple Content

- 2B: Follow Your Interests

- 2C: Narrow(窄) Your Focus

- Stage 3: Learn to Speak

- 3A: Understand Casual(休闲) Conversation

- 3B: Practice Writing and Pronunciation(发音)

- 3C: Start Speaking

- Stage 4: Expand Your Ability

- Where to Start?

Can you read the writing system? Do you know 1000 words?

If not, go to Stage 1. If yes to both, go to Stage 2A.

Can you recognize most of the words in a TV show for children (7+ years old) while watching with TL subtitles?

If yes, go to Stage 2B.

Can you follow the plot (情节) of a TV show for adults (16+ years old) while watching with TL subtitles?（当前level）

If yes, go to Stage 2C.

Do you have a near-perfect comprehension (理解) of a TV show for adults (16+) without any subtitles?

If yes, go to Stage 3A.

Are you conversationally fluent in your TL, but want to continue deepening and expanding your fluency?

If yes, go to Stage 4.

It's important to be honest with yourself when answering these questions. It's better to underestimate your ability than overestimate. If you are unsure of where to start, try starting from Stage 1A. You can always move up later when you feel comfortable.

stage 1:Learn the Basics

Immersion

主动浸泡

被动浸泡

Language Basics

Phonetics (音标)

Writing System

To accurately learn words, you need to read them in the language they were written in. If your TL uses a phonetic (语音) writing system, then learn the characters and connect the symbols to the sounds you learned about in your phonetics (语音) study.

Vocabulary

When you first start learning a language, you won't be able to understand any of your immersion (浸泡) . The fastest way to boost your comprehension (理解) is to learn the 1000 most common words.

有了1000个常用词基础后，则是通过目标学习材料学习单词

通过spaced repetition system (SRS)复习单词，建立自己的flashcards

Grammar

语法是一系列规则+特定的例外，并不能解释所有的语句构成

语法主要用于理解，对speaking帮助不大，speaking需要通过浸泡获得自觉，说话的时候不可能再想一遍语法

While vocabulary study helps you understand individual (个人) words, grammar study helps you understand full sentences.

Vocabulary

Study Tools

The best SRS tool currently available is Anki.

Basic Anki Setup

quick start

Study Strategy

浸泡学习阶段，目标是理解，会累计被动单词，被动单词是指可以理解的单词，但是难以回想起来用于speaking。

到stage 3，大脑会自然的将被动单词转换为active vocabulary

Choosing a Word List

4000 Essential English Words

stage 2: Learn to Understand

- A: Overcoming the Curve

- Intensive Immersion (浸泡)

- How to Intensively Immerse

Intensive immersion (浸泡) is a great way to build up your reading ability and vocabulary.

开始可以使用带字幕的肥皂剧作为入门，相比其他电视剧、小说更容易理解

- What Content to Watch

- Subtitles

对于新手来说听没有字幕的电影或者音频都是困难的，难以沉浸，所以需要带字幕

- Children's Content

- Rewatching Content

被动沉浸可以通过听或者观看主动沉浸的内容

- Avoiding Burnout(倦怠)

- Immersion(浸泡) Tools

- Pop-Up Dictionaries

- MPV

- Finding Subtitled Content

- YouTube

- Netflix

- TL Streaming Services

- Refold

Sentence Mining

- Sentences, Not Words

- 1. Most words have multiple meanings

- 2. A word alone is hard to remember

- 3. Words aren't used alone

- How to Choose Sentences

- 1. A single unknown element

- 2. Perfect comprehension

- How to Choose Words

Does the word seem like it would be useful in everyday conversation?

Is the word necessary to understand your immersion (浸泡) content?

Have you seen this word before? Does the word feel familiar?

Is the word personally interesting to you?

- When to Mine（什么时候开采）

Create cards while you immerse (synchronous mining).

Save sentences you want to learn and then create cards later (asynchronous mining).

Use software to automatically create cards (automatic mining).

- How to Create Cards

- Sentence card format:

Front: Example sentence

Back: Definition of target word

- Example Flow

Step 1: Find a 1T sentence in your immersion (浸泡) .

Step 2: Put the sentence on the front of a card

Step 3: Put the definition on the back of the card

- Translations

- How many Cards?

We recommend learning 10 new cards per day. You can do more than 10 if you want, but remember that Anki reviews add up and can become overwhelming.

Measuring Comprehension

- Comprehension Levels

- Level 0: Nothing

- Level 1: Something

You can recognize some individual (个人) words.

- Level 2: Bits and Pieces

You can recognize at least one word in almost every sentence.

- Level 3: Gist

You recognize around half the words used.

You can understand the meaning of some full sentences.

- Level 4: Story

You understand the meaning of most sentences.

You can follow the story, but miss some ideas and plot (情节) points.

- Level 5: Comfortable

- Level 6: Automatic

- Comprehension Varies

对不同类型的理解等级是不同的

- Testing Your Comprehension

Each substage provides a self-test to measure your comprehension. These tests explain which type of content to use and how to execute the test.

- Level Up

- B: Increasing Difficulty

Immersion (浸泡) Guide

- Choosing Intermediate Content

- Simple Story

- Visual Context

- Simple Language

- Domains

We recommend "slice-of-life" (SoL) sitcoms as your first domain. SoL follows normal people in their daily lives. The stories are simple, they provide lots of visual context, and the language they use is relevant to everyday life.

However, this needs to be balanced against your interests and enjoyment.

- Maximize Enjoyment

- Embrace Ambiguity

- How Much Immersion

we recommend 2-3 hours per day of active immersion (浸泡) (intensive or free-flow). For harder languages, 5+ hours per day is ideal (理想) to make rapid progress.

- Level Up

You're ready to move on to 2C when you have level 4 comprehension of native content that you've never seen before. You can use subtitles and pause on each line, but you should not do any lookups (查找) .

Watch an episode that you've never seen before. Stop to read each subtitle line. Without doing any lookups (查找) , ask yourself:

Can I understand most of the sentences?

Can I understand the whole story and not get lost?

If the answer is yes, then congratulations! Move on to Stage 2C.

- Reading

- Pure Text

Pure text means there is no visual or auditory information. Books, blogs, and newspapers are examples of pure text content.

- Comics

- Graded Readers

Graded readers are novels (小说) that have been simplified for children or second language learners. The simplified language helps you overcome the learning curve of pure text.

Aim for a level where only 2-3% of the words are unknown.

Once you've reached a comfortable, fluid (流体) reading speed at a given level of graded reader, move to the next level.

- Children's Books

- Blogs

Novels

They've provided a search portal to easily compare the difficulty of different books.

When considering books to read, compare their Lexile scores, and start with books with a lower score.

- How to Read

Reading Strategies

- Single Pass Reading

- 2-Pass Reading

- Intensive First

- Free-Flow First

- Time Boxing

We recommend at least 20 minutes per day of intensive reading so that you can start to build the base vocabulary and grammar necessary to understand the novel (小说) .

刚开始可以采用free-flow方式沉浸，避免查询生词打断大脑吸收语言

How Much to Look Up

不用查询每一个不认识的单词，查询句子的核心词汇，尽量去推断句子含义

Going Monolingual（使用单一语言）

- Why Go Monolingual?

bilingual (双语) dictionaries have a downside: they are inaccurate.

By using a monolingual dictionary, you can learn the true meaning of a word the first time and speed up the acquisition process.

- How to Go Monolingual?

See an unknown word.

Look up the word in a monolingual dictionary.

Look up the word in a bilingual (双语) dictionary.

- C: Mastering a Domain

Narrow (窄) Focus

Choose a Domain

To speed up the process, we recommend that you choose a single domain to master before jumping to a new one.

Switching between domains slows down your progress towards level 5 comprehension because it interrupts the acquisition of domain-specific language.

In Stage 2B, you were focused on enjoying yourself and following your interests, so you've probably been bouncing between different domains.

Enjoyment

As always, you need to balance efficiency against enjoyment.

Ideally (理想) , you would always enjoy the domain you've chosen to focus on.

Master a Domain

To graduate from Stage 2C to Stage 3A, you should have level 5 comprehension in a domain.

There are two more strategy changes we recommend:

Make intensive immersion (浸泡) more intensive.

In Stage 2A, we advised you not to spend more than 10 seconds looking up each word because it's most efficient to focus on words your brain is ready for.

Now that you're trying to bridge the gap to level 5, it's worth spending up to 30 seconds trying to understand any unknown words and phrases (短语) you come across. It's helpful to create Anki cards for nearly all of these as well.

Drop all supports from your free-flow immersion (浸泡)

By now, your reading comprehension is likely much better than your listening comprehension.

To improve your listening ability, you should remove subtitles from your free-flow immersion (浸泡) so that your brain is forced to develop listening ability.

This is also the perfect time to start listening to pure audio (podcasts, interviews, etc).

Relistening also becomes very powerful at this stage.

Immersion (浸泡) Guide

- Reading Focus

Watching: Friends with subtitles

Reading: A slice of life comic book

Reading: Personal blogs

Sentence Mining:

Try to understand every unknown word and create cards for nearly all of them.

Passive Listening:

Listen to the audio from Friends so you can hear the words you're learning in Anki.

comics

- Listening Focus

Watching: How I met your Mother

Watching: YouTube videos with personal anecdotes

Listening: Podcasts with personal anecdotes

- Level Up

By the end of Stage 2C, you should have level 5 comprehension of slice-of-life content meant for adults. Use the following instructions to test yourself.

Choose an episode of a slice-of-life TV show that you have never seen before. Turn off the subtitles. Watch the entire episode without pausing or rewinding. Ask yourself the following questions:

Can you hear nearly every word spoken?

Can you understand every detail of the plot (情节) ?

Can you automatically understand the majority of the dialogue without having to think about it?

stage 3: Learn to Speak

- A: Preparing for Output

Start Writing

- Output Anxiety

The key to resolving this anxiety (焦虑) is to stop worrying about making mistakes.

The goal in Stage 3A is just to overcome the initial barrier to output.

Once you overcome this barrier, output becomes a lot easier. You'll be surprised by how quickly you improve.

- Writing

We recommend starting output with writing instead of speaking. Speaking is more difficult because it's four subskills mixed together:

Listening to your conversation partner

Thinking of what to say

Quickly converting thoughts into words

Physically moving your mouth to make the sounds

Digital (数字) language exchanges are great places to find language practice partners.

Apps like HelloTalk, Tandem, and Discord allow you to find natives all over the world to text with.

- Output Advice

- Keep It Simple

For now, keep your language simple and use words and phrases (短语) that you feel confident (自信) in.

- Lookups

不要担心犯错，不用检查每个句子，尽量输出，当前阶段目标是克服焦虑，所以需要容许自己犯错

Adopt (采用) A Language Parent

Instead of trying to "sound native", it's helpful to choose a specific native speaker to sound like. This person is your "language parent".

When evaluating options for potential language parents, keep the following questions in mind:

Do you want to sound like this person?

Does this person have the right kind of content?

The Right Sound：同性别、同年龄段、相同的兴趣爱好，对方输出的内容是你感兴趣的

The Right Content

具备100小时以上的即兴内容，而不是脚本化的内容，最好有视频内容

Livestreamers, podcasters, and talk show hosts are good choices for parents because they have a lot of raw content.

Quality Time with Your Parent

Choose a parent.

Listen to them a lot.

Practice speaking like them.

- Real Conversation

- Written Conversation

Written conversation includes texting, instant messaging, forums, chatrooms, YouTube comments, Twitter, and blogs.

聚焦在自己熟悉领域

- Spoken Conversation

To overcome this challenge, prioritize listening practice above reading.

- Listening Practice

try to find messy (凌乱) , unstructured, and unscripted conversations.

加入在线聊天室，听大家聊天，可以更好的理解真实的对话

- Level Up

- B: Learning to Write

Activate The Language

- Writing

As we noted in 3A: Start Writing, we recommend starting with writing instead of speaking because speaking is actually multiple skills mixed together.

Another reason we recommend writing is because you can't hide your mistakes. This makes it easier to get corrected and forces you to confront (面对) your errors which stops them from solidifying into bad habits.

For the same reasons, you should avoid using a dictionary or grammar lookups as you write. Using these resources hides your true ability.

- Getting Corrected

- Self-Correction

- Native Correction

- Google Correction

使用chatGPT纠错更合适

Pronunciation

- Shadowing

example

- How to Shadow

- Choosing What to Shadow

Activity Guide

- Feedback Loops

Each of the activities described in Stage 2 is one step in a feedback loop that helps you improve your comprehension:

Intensive immersion (浸泡) : consciously break apart the language.

Sentence mining: identify and learn unknown pieces.

Anki review: review newly learned pieces.

Free flow immersion (浸泡) : comprehend (理解) and integrate newly learned pieces.

Repeat loop with higher comprehension.

In Stage 3B, you are adding two new feedback loops into your learning process: one to improve your writing and another to improve your pronunciation.

- Improve Writing Ability

By the end of Stage 3B, you should be comfortable with written conversation in your TL. To accomplish (完成) this, use the following feedback loop:

Write conversations with a language partner or an iTalki tutor (家教) .

Get corrected by a native speaker (or through Google).

Notice the correct usage in immersion (浸泡) (written forums and chatrooms).

Immerse until you've acquired the correct usage.

Repeat.

- Improve Pronunciation

Pronunciation practice is the second new feedback loop you will integrate into your learning habits:

Listen to your parent

Shadow your parent

Compare your pronunciation to theirs to notice differences

Consciously adjust your pronunciation to match theirs

Repeat

- Balance

Shadowing 4 times per week for 15 minutes

Writing 3 times per week for 30-60 minutes

Immerse with Parent and casual (休闲) conversation for 15 hours per week

Fun immersion (浸泡) for the remaining time

- Level Up

- Shortcut To Speaking

- C: Learning to Speak

Competence vs Performance

Competence是一直凭直觉使用的能力，而performance则是通过competence进行对话的能力。

- Competence First

首先要构建语言直觉，因为输出语言更多是依赖于自觉，所以直觉是基础

- Measuring Competence

记录输出，review输出并识别其中的错误，凭借直觉可以识别的错误则是competence，而无法通过自觉识别的错误则是competence gap

- Fixing Errors

competence gap难以纠正，需要在沉浸中留意正确的使用方式来弥补

Common Competence Gaps

- Native Phrasing

将native转换为target language时使用的是native的思维，而没有使用TL思维

- Register

register是指对不同人群说话会使用不同的方式

- Fillers and Fumbles

自然表达时不一定有特定语序的，比如说到一半的时候，可能会穿插其他事情来做澄清或者补充

- Stress, Pitch, and Tones

同一个单词不同的语调会表示不同的含义

Speaking Practice

stage 4: 付费内容

Question

如何获得反馈？

English learning

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