英语：12、被动语态_思维导图模板

12、被动语态

被动语态结构

生活中用的句子，大致分两种，一是自己主动去做某事，另一种是受别人指使去做某事。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者

Be+过去分词表示被动语态，什么（宾语）被我（主语）做

主动语态的句子变成被动语态时，前提条件就是原来的句子中要有宾语，如含有宾语的第三、四、五类句型

第三类句型的被动语态

主动语态中的宾语变成被动语态中的主语，
主动语态中的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词
主动语态中的主语在被动语态中变成by+宾语

现在时的被动语态

Zhiming teaches English ——English is taught by Zhiming

宾语放句首，主动变被动时找到宾语是关键

He washes his car ——His car is washed by him

过去时的被动语态

They painted those pictures——Those pictures were painted by them

复数

A little boy brought some sugar—— Some sugar was brought by a little
boy

糖不可数

将来时的被动语态

Will be+过去分词

she will finish the work——The work will be finished by her

进行时的被动语态

Be+being+过去分词

she was washing the car——The car was being washed by her

people are cutting down trees——Trees are being cut down by people

完成时的被动语态

Have/has been+过去分词

Wangtao has cleaned the room——The room has been cleaned by Wangtao

否定句的被动语态

Be+not+过去分词

she did not write the card——the card was not written by her

含助动词的被动语态

助动词+be+过去分词

He may miss the train——the train may was missed by him

He can not read the book——the book can not be read by him

疑问句的被动语态

一般疑问句

含实义动词的疑问句变成被动语态时，通常都是变成一般疑问句。因为被动语态的谓语是be+过去分词，

Did you find book？

（Did）you find book？

把这个句子想成是陈述句

The book was found by you

再把这个句子变成被动语态

Was the book found by you？

然后再变成疑问句

Does she clean this room？——Is this room cleaned by her？

特殊疑问句

使用含特殊疑问词的疑问句可以问的更具体。所以特殊疑问句一般放在句首，这样听者才能准确知道提问人的意图

When did you build this house？

（When did） you build this house？

把这个句子想成是陈述句

This house was built by you？

再把这个句子变成被动语态

Was this house built by you？

然后再变成疑问句

When was this house built by you？——When was this house built？
by you可省略

之后变成特殊疑问句

Where did she find this book？——Where was this book found ？

第四类句型的被动语态

主语+谓语+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）
She teaches us English
第四类句型有两个宾语，怎样把宾语变成主语呢？

间接宾语（人）作主语

We are taught English by her

直接宾语（物）作主语

English is taught to us by her

在事物作主语的第四类句型被动语态中，更明确表达”给某人“可以在“某人”前加“to”

注意

事物作主语的被动语态

A cake was made for me by her

这个句子不能用to，如：make buy，build，cook，choose，get，order，
leave、find 在第四类变第三类句型时都要用for，ask用of，用to的话，就可以省略，for和of不能省略

人做主语的被动语态

错误句子：I was made a cake by her
正确句子：A cake was made for me by her

含：write、make、send、bring、buy、read、sell等动词的第四类句型不能变成人做主语的被动语态，只能变成事物作主语的被动语态

例句

He wrote me a letter——A letter was written to me by him

第五类句型的被动语态

1.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

They call me a genius——I am called a genius by then

You make me crazy——I am made crazy by you

前面说过make作谓语时没有做主语的被动语态，但这个句子怎么能变成人做主语的被动语态呢，因为make有多种意思，在第四类做动词是“让”所以不能变人作主语，但在第五类或第三类中，可以的，这句子是第五类，make是“做，使成为”的意思，所以可以变成人做主语的被动语态

2.含感官动词，使役动词的被动语态

宾补是由名词、代词、形容词充当，动词不能，但在含有感官动词或使役动词的第五类句型的句子中，动词可以做宾补。因为它是省略了to的动词不定式名词性用法

但在含有感官动词或使役动词的第五类句型变成被动语态时，一定要再作宾语补足语的动词前加上to，以前省略的to再被动语态中就出现了

We saw him break the window——
He was seen to break the window by us

She made me work hard——I was made to work hard by her

第五类句型中宾补可以用动词原形，也可以用过去分词

I made my brother study for the exam （使役，主动，原形）

I saw her go out of the room（感官，主动，原形）

I made this box broken （使役，被动，过去分词）
我弄坏了箱子

原句：I made this box to be broken

to be broken 是动词不定式名词性用法，可做补语，但不能这样表达，因为句子本身包含了被动的意思，要省略掉，因为想给读者看才变成原句的

I heard my name called （感官，被动，过去分词）

原句：I heard my name to be called

to be called 是动词不定式名词性用法，可做补语，但不能这样表达，因为句子本身包含了被动的意思，要省略掉，因为想给读者看才变成原句的

3.三个典型不能变被动语态的动词

have（拥有）、resemble（和....像）、become（适合）

如：she has two daughters——Two daughter are had by her 这是错误句子

此外，disappear，appear，escape，happen，remain，exit，take place，
consist of等等动词也不能变成被动语态。

使用by以外的介词构成被动语态

主动语态变为被动语态时，主动语态的主语再被动语态中要变成“by+宾格”但不是所有都用by，有时也会用by以外的其他介词。

A tree is known by its fruits 看果实就知道树

A man is known by the company he keeps 观其友，知其人
be known by 是“通过....得知”

by以外的其他介词的被动语态

Be surprised at 因....而吃惊

Be satisfied with 对...而满意

Be covered with 被.....覆盖

Be filled with 充满.....

Be interested in 对.....感兴趣

Be made of 由....构成（物理变化）

Be made from（化学变化）

Be known to 被....所知

Be known as 作为....被知

Be known for 因....而有名

英语：12、被动语态

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